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The Al-Kawliya used to be treated as foreigners residing in Iraq because their nationality was unknown, and they consequently became a backward group society. In 1978 they were granted Iraqi nationality, and by 1982 they had ended their nomadic life and settled down in urban centers or rural areas. The present study is a survey of the Al-Kawliya and the effect that the attainment of Iraqi nationality has had on their socioeconomic status. It reveals that although nationality should have helped them obtain employment in different activities, the Al-Kawliya still earn their living in few ways and only about 4% of families have left their original occupation of dancing. The average monthly income and literacy rates have increased, and the attainment of nationality has greatly helped in improving their socioeconomic status.